Ten Things I Learned Researching at the National Archives in D.C. and MD

This summer I spent eight days researching at both National Archives I (downtown Washington, D.C.) and National Archives II (College Park, Maryland). It was an eye-opening experience. Each location has its strengths and quirks, and as a first-time researcher at both, I learned a lot, sometimes the hard way. Here are ten takeaways from my visit.

1. The Catalog Is Huge and Overwhelming

The NARA catalog is not as user-friendly as other archives or library catalogs. The Archives has billions of records in its collection. Search terms that seem obvious do not always work, and narrowing down to the right record group can take persistence. I often felt like I was missing something, especially with less-used collections such as lighthouse records or postmaster files.

2. NARA I Staff Are Friendlier

The staff at Archives I were consistently more approachable, patient, and helpful. They guided me through record requests and explained things clearly. At Archives II, the staff felt more rushed and less friendly, and in some cases the interactions felt accusatory.

3. Accusations at NARA II Felt Uncomfortable

At Archives II, staff patrolled the research room checking for declassification tags on documents being scanned. I was asked multiple times: Do you have a tag? Are you using it on every document? Did you take pictures without it? At one point I was even asked if I had put rusty paper clips on the records. It felt accusatory and unnecessary, especially since paper clips would never make it past security. 

4. Supplies Are Easier to Access at NARA I

At Archives I, basic supplies like weights were readily available. At Archives II, you had to ask for everything, even weights, and sometimes sign them out. It slowed the process and added unnecessary frustration when you didn't know where they were. 

5. Wait Times Vary, but NARA I Did Better

At both archives, wait times for record pulls averaged about 45 minutes. NARA I generally handled requests more smoothly. At NARA II, you had to look up box and row information yourself using binders, while NARA I staff filled that in for you. As a beginner, I really appreciated the extra help.

6. Rules Control the Fun

One thing to know before you go: NARA has 86 rules for researchers. They are available online here: Research Room Rules (https://www.archives.gov/research/research-room-rules). It is best to review them in advance so you know what to expect.

7. Cafeteria and Eating Areas at NARA II Were Better

If you want a good lunch during your research break, Archives II is the place. The cafeteria had more options, and the eating area was spacious and newer. NARA I’s food options were far more limited and others said not as good.  

8. Research Assistance Was Stronger at NARA I

At Archives I, I could easily find someone to answer questions about the materials I was using. At NARA II, there was one specialist for Army records, and he was swamped. I often felt on my own.

Neither archive was able to suggest the correct search terms when I asked about German Prisoners of War at Fort Custer. I was repeatedly told to use “Custer,” which returned results about General Custer. Searching “German Prisoners of War” brought up records about United States soldiers held in Germany. The key term turned out to be “enemy prisoners,” which I eventually discovered on my own. Once I tried that, I found far more relevant information. I was also directed to Record Group 394, Continental Commands, which contained cartographic records but not for the time period I needed. In contrast, Record Group 389, Records of the Provost Marshal (1941– ), was filled with information. 

9. Tracking Records Was Hit or Miss

At NARA II, the electronic monitor in the research room made it easy to know when my records were ready. At NARA I, it was inconsistent. Sometimes staff told me my records were upstairs, sometimes to check if they had been submitted downstairs. Once I wasted two and a half hours looking for my lighthouse records before giving up and coming back the next day. Thankfully, that was an exception, not the rule.

10. Strengths of Each Archive

Archives I excels at military and land records, while Archives II is known for 20th-century military records and modern federal agency records. Accuracy was solid at both locations. Only once did I receive the wrong time period for a record request. 

Rules Control the Fun

One thing to know before you go: NARA has 86 rules for researchers. They are available online here: Research Room Rules (https://www.archives.gov/research/research-room-rules). It is best to review them in advance so you know what to expect.

Final Thoughts

Researching at the National Archives can be rewarding, but it requires patience, persistence, and sometimes a thick skin. I am glad I had the chance to experience both NARA I and II. I learned not only about my research subjects but also about how the archives work.

If you are planning a visit, do your homework ahead of time. The NARA website is filled with finding aids and preparation guides that will make your time there more productive. Some resources I found helpful include:

1. Guide to Genealogical Research in the United States (available at HathiTrust)

2. NARA’s Catalog Guide: https://www.archives.gov/research/genealogy/catalog-guide

3. Preliminary Inventories available online through the Allen County Public Library in Fort Wayne. These help identify the records within each record group. Not all preliminary inventories are digitized here.

4. Prologue Magazine, a NARA publication now out of print, but past issues are available online at archives.gov. It contains a wealth of research tips and background articles.

These tips come from my personal experience, and yours may be different. I spent days preparing for my visit and thought I was ready, only to discover that the archives had even more to teach me. My best advice is to embrace the process and enjoy the experience. Visiting the National Archives had been a dream of mine for years, and finally walking into those research rooms felt like stepping into history itself. No matter the challenges or frustrations, I will always be grateful that I had the chance to be there, to handle original records, and to connect more deeply with the past.

Why Gen-Fed Belongs on Every Genealogist’s Bucket List

This will be one of many blog posts in the coming weeks about my bucket list attendance at the Genealogical Institute on Federal Records (Gen-Fed) in Washington D.C. Here are my thoughts on why you should attend it.

Why You Should Attend the Genealogical Institute on Federal Records

The Genealogical Institute on Federal Records (Gen-Fed) is an exceptional educational opportunity for genealogists who want to deepen their understanding of federal records and how to use them in research. Held annually in Washington, D.C., this institute brings together expert speakers, hands-on research opportunities, and access to world-class archives.

Hands-On Research at the National Archives

One of the greatest benefits of Gen-Fed is the opportunity to conduct hands-on research at both National Archives I (downtown Washington, D.C.) and National Archives II (College Park, Maryland). You’ll learn how to navigate record groups, request materials, and explore documents that may not be digitized anywhere else. These research experiences are invaluable for uncovering details about ancestors who served in the military, worked for the federal government, or were impacted by federal policies.

Access to World-Class Libraries

In addition to the National Archives, Gen-Fed includes visits to other major repositories such as the Library of Congress and the DAR Library. These visits provide participants with guided orientations to the collections, tips from experienced librarians, and at the DAR Library the chance to explore materials that can enrich family history research.

Learn from the Best

The institute brings together expert genealogical speakers, including professionals who work at the National Archives. Attendees gain valuable knowledge through lectures, workshops, and one-on-one interactions. Topics cover NARA research tools, military service and pension files, land and bounty land records, immigration and naturalization, African American research, legislative and court records, and other specialized collections at NARA. Each session provides practical guidance on applying federal resources to real-world genealogical questions.

Camaraderie and Networking

Another advantage of Gen-Fed is the sense of community it fosters. Spending a week with like-minded researchers fosters collaboration, encouragement, and lifelong friendships. Many participants say that the opportunity to network with others who share their passion for genealogy is one of the most rewarding aspects of the institute. Researchers from 24 states and the Netherlands attended this year. They were from various backgrounds, such as, genealogical society leaders, attorneys, authors, librarians, professors, small business owners and more.

Special Events and Opportunities

Attending Gen-Fed is more than a week of classes at the National Archives. It is a unique experience that provides education with unforgettable opportunities. In addition to expert-led sessions on federal records, participants enjoyed special events such as the 75th Anniversary Commemoration and alumni receptions. Optional tours expand the learning beyond the classroom, with highlights including a National Mall tour of more federal records and individual military consultation. Dedicated research time at Archives I (DC) and Archives II (MD) added to the experience. 

 Why Attend?

Attending the Genealogical Institute on Federal Records is an investment in your skills as a researcher. You’ll return home with new knowledge, hands-on experience, and a deeper appreciation for the breadth of resources available at federal institutions. If you’re serious about genealogy and want to take your research to the next level, Gen-Fed is the place to be. 

Additional Thoughts

You may have heard how hard it is to get into the Gen-Fed Institute. There are requirements and it is limited to about 45 researchers, but don't let that discourage you. If you get wait-listed, be patient. This year the entire wait-list was contacted, so the wait-list works. If you want more information check out the Gen-Fed website:  https://www.gen-fed.org/

I almost forgot to mention the 300 page handbook and numerous dropbox resources. It is incredible. I will be busy reading it all in the weeks ahead.

I felt extremely priviledged and grateful to attend this year. My thanks go to Rebecca, the Director and Mary, Assistant Director for their excellent leadership. Also a very special thanks to the Gen-Fed Alumni Association for the Richard S. Lackey Scholarship that I was awarded.

AI Disclosures

This blog post on Journey to the Past was created with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically ChatGPT.

The research, interpretation, and writing are my own. AI was used to provide grammar and style suggestions and to generate the outline and headings for this post.

The title was suggested by AI, but I reviewed, edited, and selected the final version.

The photograph used on this blog post was taken by Brenda Leyndyke.

My Gen-Fed Journey-75th Year

This summer I had the privilege of attending the Genealogical Institute on Federal Records (Gen-Fed) during its 75th year. For one week, I joined fellow genealogists in Washington, D.C., to immerse myself in federal records, learn from experts, and dig into the archives. It was truly an honor to be part of such a milestone year.

The week was packed with learning, discovery, and inspiration. The 300-page syllabus alone will keep me busy for months, and the consultations and lectures opened doors to research paths I had not considered before. My time at the National Archives, especially working with primary source materials on lighthouse keepers, Civil War soldiers, and German prisoners of war, gave me confidence and focus for the projects closest to my heart.

Being in Washington during historic times made the experience even more powerful. The city was full of change, but I also found grounding in visiting places where history has long been remembered. The memorials and museums that honor those who came before us offered space for reflection. Standing at these sites reminded me that history is never far from the present.

Gen-Fed was not just about records. It was also about community. Surrounded by genealogists who share the same curiosity and passion, I felt like I belonged to something bigger. The dedication of the directors, Rebecca and Mary, and all who worked so hard behind the scenes, was remarkable. Their energy and leadership made the Institute both welcoming and inspiring.

For me, this was more than an educational program. With my husband living with Alzheimer’s and my mother still with me at 95, I knew this would likely be my last big educational journey. I embraced it as my "last hurrah" and I am so grateful I was able to go.

I returned home with scans, notes, and ideas that will fuel my research for a long time. I plan to share what I have learned with researchers at Fort Custer, with families tracing military ancestors, and with those whose loved ones were once prisoners of war. And of course, I will be writing about my discoveries here on the blog.

Gen-Fed’s 75th year was an unforgettable experience, and one I will carry with me always.

Book Launch Day — and Why I’m Still Proud

Today is the official launch day for my book, Fort Custer in the World Wars. It’s hard to put into words what this moment means. After years of research, writing, editing, and reviewing hundreds of photographs, the book is finally out in the world. It’s real. It’s here.

This isn’t just a collection of images and facts, it’s a tribute. To the soldiers who trained at Fort Custer. To the medical staff who cared for the wounded. To the prisoners of war who lived and worked on the grounds. And to the community that grew around it. Preserving this history matters, and I’m honored to be a small part of it.

While the day didn’t unfold quite the way I imagined, I’m still celebrating because I believe in the power of telling these stories. I’m grateful to my husband Kirk for standing beside me through every page, to the Fort Custer Historical Society for their support, and to the many people who’ve already purchased the book, shared kind words, or reached out.

There are appearances, presentations, and book talks to come, but today, I’m pausing to appreciate what’s been accomplished.

If you’d like to learn more about the book, you can find it through local bookstores, or by contacting me directly.

Thank you for walking this journey with me.

Reverse Genealogy Made Clear: A Look at Cheri Hudson Passey's Insightful Guide

When Joe, the marketing director, at Genealogical.com reached out to ask if I would review Cheri Hudson Passey's new book, "Genealogy in Reverse: Finding the Living A Practical Guild for All Genealogists" I was happy to do it, but I was even happier that he had found my blog and noticed that I was a purchaser of many Genealogical.com publications. The book's focus on tracing forward to find living relatives intrigued me, and I was eager to see how the modern research practice could support traditional genealogical research. I received a complimentary review copy, but as always, the thoughts shared here are entirely my own.

Cheri Hudson Passey combines her writing and genealogical research skill with deep professional experience related to the book's topic. She has worked as a subcontracted researcher for the U.S. Army Past Conflict Repatriations Branch, helping to locate next of kin for families of World War II soldiers who are still listed as Missing in Action. As my regular readers know, I have a strong interest in the stories of WWII soldiers and I found her background adds a layer of real-world credibility to her work on reverse genealogy.

One of the most rewarding reasons to pursue genealogy in reverse is the potential to uncover what traditional research often misses. The stories, photographs, family Bibles, and cherished memorabilia passed down through different branches of a family may hold that one piece of information that has alluded us in our traditional research. 

Book Review

Reverse Genealogy is the process of researching forward to find living relatives, and Passey's book is an excellent guide on how to do that. Step-by-step instructions with real-world examples are central to the book's structure. Sources and resources are clearly outlined and well documented.

A major strength of this book is its emphasis on research ethics. Passey encourages readers to follow sound research practices, including adhering to the Genealogical Proof Standard. She also highlights the importance of privacy, obtaining consent, and being respectful when contacting living individuals.

Genealogy in Reverse is useful for all levels of genealogists. Whether you are a beginning genealogist or an experienced one you will find Passey's book informative and helpful. It is a fresh take on genealogy research and is one I am happy to add to my own toolkit.

Passey explores an area that is rarely discussed in genealogical circles and does so with clarity. She breaks down the research steps into manageable ones. She illustrates the challenges and rewards in doing this type of genealogy using real-world examples.

Passey includes a short section on DNA, emphasizing the need for sensitivity and clear communication about the potential risks involved in testing. She encourages readers to consider whether a DNA test is truly necessary when trying to find living relatives.

One of the things I appreciated the most was her strong emphasis on ethics. It is the central theme throughout the book. She concludes the book with a repatriation case study with names kept private. 

Conclusion

If you are looking for a fresh perspective to your genealogy research look no further than, "Genealogy in Reverse: Finding the Living."  This book is more than a how-to manual, it is a way to expand your research and make new connections. If you are looking for a way to explore modern-day family ties than this is the resource for you. It offers practical insight and ethical guidance in an easy to read way.

You can purchase "Genealogy in Reverse: Finding the Living." from Genealogical Publishing Company at genealogical.com.  It is a worthy addition to any genealogical library. 

Disclaimers

A complimentary copy of this book was provided to me for the purpose of review. I have received no compensation for this review, and the opinions expressed herein are solely my own.

Disclosures
This blog post used the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI) tools at Chat GPT4o.

While the content reflects my ideas, writing, and research. AI was used for grammar and spelling editing.

Chat GPT4o suggested blog post titles based upon my writing and ideas and I selected the one, with edits, to enhance the blog experience.

A Letter from Camp Hood: Discovering My Dad’s Words from Basic Training

Source: Glover, Bruce. “Pvt. Bruce (Tex) Glover, Former Sports Editor Writes from Camp Hood, Texas.” The Palladium (Hazel Park, MI), August 1943.Accessed April 15, 2025. MyHeritage Historical Newspaper Collection.

One of the joys of being a genealogist and historian is discovering unexpected treasures in the archives. While browsing old newspaper clippings at MyHeritage, I recently came across a letter to the editor written by my father, Pvt. Bruce “Tex” Glover, during World War II. The letter, published in the Hazel Park (MI) Palladium in August 1943, was sent from Camp Hood, Texas, where he had just arrived for basic training.

Reading his words transported me back to the early days of his military service. I could hear his voice in the humor and sincerity of the letter. He wrote to Mr. Kelster, the editor, whom he had worked for in high school, describing the intense Texas heat and his first impressions of Camp Hood. It’s a snapshot of a young man adjusting to military life far from home and wanting to stay connected.

Here’s the full transcription of the letter:

Pvt. Bruce (Tex) Glover, former sports editor writes from Camp Hood, Texas:

Dear Mr. Kelster:

Well I’m finally located here in Camp Hood, Texas, “Deep In The Heart Of.” Do you remember on certain days before I left how we were complaining of the heat. Well brother, don’t complain any more. It’s 105 - 110 in the shade here all of the time and I’m not kidding. I always wanted to go to Texas but one day here is enough.

The water we are allowed to drink is heavily diluted with sodium-hydro chloride and is warm. It’s hard to get used to in this hot weather but it’s best for you. Bill Fisher is here with me and we would appreciate it if you would send the paper to both of us. Our addresses are at the end of this letter.

We have both passed our tests so far and are in the A.S.T.P. (Army Specialized Training Program). We are beginning a 13-week basic Infantry Training program during which time more tests will be given. If we pass these we will be sent to college.

We had quite a train ride here from Custer. It took us 57 hours in all. We left Custer at 1:15 p.m. Wednesday and arrived here 5:15 p.m. Friday. The train stopped for four hours in Fort Worth, Texas, and the Lt. in charge let us look over the city for two hours. It is quite a nice city. We also passed through Chicago, Kansas City, Wichita, Oklahoma City, and Waco, enroute.

I would appreciate it if you would have Mr. Watson look in the files and see if there are any fellows from Hazel Park here at Camp Hood. If so, would you please send me their address.

Sincerely,
Pvt. Bruce “Tex” Glover
Your former Sports Ed.

Bruce received 4 names of H. P. boys from H. P. stationed at Camp Hood.

To see his personality come through in this letter is a gift. It’s more than just an eighteen-year-old soldier reporting his new surroundings. It’s a glimpse into his character, his experience, and his desire to remain tied to home. Letters like this one help bring the past to life, and I’m grateful to have found it, especially since I never knew my dad had a nickname, Tex and this was before he was sent to Texas!

Have you ever uncovered a letter from a relative in the service? These personal messages offer more than facts, they offer heart. 

Notes: 

H.P. stands for Hazel Park which is in Michigan.

Bill Fisher was a good friend of my dad's. They graduated from Hazel Park High School together. They were together in the Battle of the Bulge until Bill was taken prisoner by the Germans. Bill was on one side of the line the Germans came through and my dad was on the other. They were in the 99th Division.

A Special Delivery: Fort Custer Books Have Arrived!

There is nothing quite like the feeling of holding your book in your hands for the first time. Now imagine that times 200. That was my experience when my shipment of Fort Custer in the World Wars arrived ahead of schedule.

I expected the books to arrive in mid-July, but instead, I was greeted with boxes stacked high, filled with copies of a project I have poured my heart into. It felt a little like Christmas morning. Seeing the final printed version was both exciting and humbling.

This book represents more than just words and photographs. It is a tribute to the people who served, trained, worked, and lived at Fort Custer during both World War I and World War II. The process of researching and writing it has deepened my respect for the men and women whose stories fill its pages.

As soon as the books arrived, I began packing up copies for the friends and family members who ordered or supported me from the beginning. Some were mailed to those with a personal connection to Fort Custer. Others went to fellow history lovers. Each envelope felt like a small gift of remembrance, and I was honored to share it.

I am thrilled to share that several library presentations have already been scheduled. These events give me a chance to speak with readers, answer questions, and share even more stories that did not make it into the book. In addition, a local TV interview(July 14th) is in the works, offering a wonderful opportunity to highlight Fort Custer’s rich history to a broader audience. I will be sharing dates and times soon, so stay tuned.

A book launch is in the works and I will annouce that when I have confirmation of all the details. The Fort Custer Historical Society board is planning it.

I am so proud of how the book turned out and deeply thankful to everyone who encouraged me along the way. Whether you supported the Fort Custer Historical Society, followed the blog, shared a story, or simply cheered me on, I appreciate you.

Books are available for purchase at the Fort Custer Museum (by appointment), Custer's Last Stand at the fort, or by contacting me. If you are interested in a signed copy, feel free to reach out. The book cost is $25, plus shipping which is running between $6-$10. All proceeds go to the Fort Custer Historical Society.

This has been an unforgettable moment in my journey as a writer and historian. I cannot wait to see where the stories of Fort Custer travel next.

Note: I tried contacting my publisher to find out when it will be shipped to vendors, but have not been given a date.

From Sunrise to Sunset: A Day in the Life of a Female Ancestor

The image above was created by AI software, DALL-E. The visual was designed to complement the content and enhance the reader's experience.

A Day in the Life: Homemaking Then and Now

Growing up, I never thought I’d be grateful for ironing practice, budget sheets, or learning the proper way to plan a week's worth of meals. But studying Home Economics, Family Living, and Health at Western Michigan University opened my eyes to the science behind the home and gave me a new perspective on my ancestor's lives.

Recently, I started thinking about what a day in the life might have looked like for my great-grandmother. A woman who likely rose before the sun, tended the fire, prepared breakfast from scratch, and managed a household with efficiency born of necessity.

Morning: The Start of the Day

My ancestor's morning may have begun with stoking the stove and boiling water, often before anyone else was awake. Breakfast wasn’t poured from a cereal box. It involved mixing, kneading, or frying. She likely prepared lunches for the children, sometimes wrapping leftovers in cloth or paper.

When I was studying nutrition, we broke down all the elements of a balanced breakfast. But long before that, my great-grandmother understood it in her own way. She learned from her mother and through experience. She didn’t need food groups or calorie charts to know that a hearty meal gave you the strength to face a long day of work, especially during the busy seasons of farm life.

She also didn’t need written recipes. Her cooking came from memory and instinct passed down through the generations. She knew how much flour to use by feel, how long to simmer soup by scent, and how to season a dish by taste. Her kitchen knowledge was inherited and intuitive, not measured and written down.

Midday: Managing the Home

While the children were at school and her husband worked in the fields, homemaking carried on. Washing laundry, baking bread, scrubbing floors, sewing or mending clothes, and doing farm chores filled her day. Her work was physical, repetitive, and often unrecognized. 

Her kitchen likely held the essential tools of her era: a cast iron stove, butter churn, hand-cranked food grinders, and tinware utensils. Her laundry routine involved hauling water, scrubbing with lye soap, and using a washboard. Weekly baking required sifting flour by hand, fermenting yeast, and using heavy iron bakeware.

Cleaning practices emphasized sanitation through boiling water and vinegar. Rugs were beaten outside, and linens were aired on clotheslines. It was the kind of knowledge you didn’t learn from books but from watching, doing, and repeating over time.

Afternoon: Family and Function

By mid-afternoon, she might have visited neighbors, preserved food, or tended the garden. She kept a mental calendar of seasonal chores: spring cleaning, canning in late summer, holiday preparations in the fall. Her work was as cyclical as the seasons, grounded in a deep understanding of her environment and her family’s needs.

In my studies, we called this "household management" It sounds sterile in a textbook, but lived out in history, it was an art form. It included juggling needs, emotions, and limited resources with patience and foresight.

Evening: Winding Down

Dinner was another full meal, with leftovers reused creatively. After dishes were done, she may have sat down to knit, read the Bible, or simply rest. Or maybe she continued working, preparing dough for the next day or ironing the children’s school clothes.

In today’s world, we often think of “productivity” as something that happens at a desk or in offices. But my great-grandmother’s day was filled with labor, love, and life lessons that were handed down to the women in my family. They show up in the way that I do things now and I’m grateful my education helped me appreciate that.

Bridging Generations

Studying Home Economics didn’t just prepare me for a career, it deepened my appreciation for the people who came before me. Their knowledge wasn’t always found in books, but in doing. As a teacher and genealogist, I try to honor their legacy by sharing their stories and daily lives with others. I’ve come to enjoy learning about the social history of my ancestors.

So the next time I sew on a button or make soup from scratch, I will think of all the women in my family who had it so much harder than I do.

Honoring Paul Pixley’s Service This Independence Day

Once I discovered the maiden name of my fourth great-grandmother, Lucy Hyde, I knew I had to explore her family history further. Her maiden name, Pixley, led me to her parents, Paul Pixley and Sylvia Philips. I found their marriage record dated May 31, 1781, and from there, my research took off.

Today, as the United States celebrates Independence Day, I want to share the story of Paul Pixley (also spelled Pigsley) and his patriotic service during the American Revolution.

Paul Pixley, a Revolutionary War veteran, applied for a pension under the Act of March 18, 1818. At the time of his application, he was living in Huron County, Ohio. Pixley had served as a private in the regiment commanded by Colonel Bradford of the Massachusetts line. He enlisted in September 1779 and served for approximately nine months, including time stationed at West Point, New York.

His pension was approved beginning June 13, 1818, at the rate of $8 per month. A certificate of pension was issued on September 6, 1819. When he applied, he was 58 years old and in poor health, unable to work due to age and rheumatism.

His household at the time included his wife, a 14-year-old daughter, a 6-year-old daughter, and a 3-year-old son. He listed minimal personal property in his pension declaration—just a heifer, a steer, a bed, a kettle, and some tools—valued at $32.50.

I find pension files fascinating for the rich genealogical information they can contain. This particular file, however, offered fewer personal details than others I've seen. It named only Paul and his military commanders, leaving out the names of his family members.

This blog post is just a brief summary of the information I extracted from Paul Pixley’s Revolutionary War pension file. The file contains more details that I plan to explore in future blog posts. I’ll be sharing what I discover about his military service, family life, and the broader historical context in which he lived.

Still, even sparse records like this one help illuminate the lives of those who came before us. On this Independence Day, I honor Paul Pixley, whose service reminds us of the sacrifices made by ordinary citizens in pursuit of American freedom. 

Inside the IGGP Conference: A Weekend of German Genealogy Inspiration

Michigan Germanic Genealogical Society (MiGGS) board members in attendance: Mich, Pr äsidentin Julie Hanneman-Schoenbach, and Schatzmeister Ed Redmer. (Me, President, and Treasurer)

I had planned to write while attending the recent IGGP Conference at the Nationwide Convention Center, near Columbus, Ohio, but time got away from me. It had been a while since I attended an in-person conference, and I forgot how busy it can be. Catching up with people, attending sessions, and enjoying the evening activities was both exciting and exhausting. By the end of each day, my mind was on overdrive. Now that I'm back home, I'm ready to share the highlights of my wonderful, all-German genealogy weekend.

The entrance to the convention center.

A Little Background

The International German Genealogy Partnership (IGGP) Conference was held at the Nationwide Convention Center near Columbus, Ohio. This biennial event brings together German genealogy enthusiasts from around the world, and it was my first time participating. I was eager to connect with fellow researchers, learn from experts, and explore new strategies for uncovering my family’s German roots.

First Impressions

Arriving at the Nationwide Convention Center, I was immediately impressed by how beautiful the venue was. It took me a few minutes to find the hotel desk, but a helpful Nationwide employee kindly escorted me there. The hotel is in a separate building from the Convention Center and the hotel entrance was undergoing renovations, and I wasn’t as observant as I should have been. After checking in and dropping off my belongings in the room, I made my way to the registration table to pick up my materials. I received a bag of goodies, event and meal tickets, and door prize coupons. I went ahead and placed my tickets in the prize bags, fingers crossed I would win something! And I did! I received a beautiful wax Springerle mold wall hanging from Wax Werkes.

The beautiful eight mold plaque is what I received as a door prize from The Art Wax Werke in Centerville, Ohio. Her work is exquisite.

Conference Highlights

Thursday was my travel day, and I arrived in the afternoon. That evening, I attended a casual get-together in the vendor hall, where I made some wonderful connections. I reconnected with people I knew and browsed the vendor tables. Several German genealogical societies were represented, offering memberships. I joined the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania (GSP) and, while signing up, discovered that the GSP volunteer and I were actually cousins! It truly is a small world. Other vendors offered books (I only bought one!), jewelry, Christmas ornaments, wax decorations, German genealogy resources, research assistance, maps, and more. The Michigan Germanic Genealogical Society had a small space on a shared table for partner societies, and I spent some time there greeting people and answering questions. I really enjoyed that part of the evening.

The walk back to the hotel from the Ohio Dining Room, 

where breakfast was served everyday.

Friday marked the beginning of the conference, with a packed schedule of sessions. I attended presentations on German census records, German archives, citizenship and nationality laws, and German village history. I also spent time browsing the exhibitor booths and talking to vendors offering tools and resources I hadn’t encountered before. I started by Christmas shopping and purchased earrings, a Christmas ornament, and a gnome making kit. One particularly sobering moment occurred during the session on citizenship and nationality laws, presented virtually by Sabine Akabayov from Israel. Towards the end of her presentation, she had to abruptly leave due to a warning to take cover amid the Iran-Israeli conflict. I can't imagine living in that kind of environment. Thankfully, Sabine later let us know she was safe, but my thoughts remained with her throughout the rest of the conference. Friday evening was the Palatines to America Anniversary Dinner, where attendees enjoyed a delicious German meal featuring pretzel buns, bratwurst, schnitzel, spaetzle, and more. For dessert, there was German chocolate cake and apple strudel where I chose the strudel. Entertainment was provided by the Columbus Männerchor. 

Saturday continued the learning momentum. I attended sessions on Genealogy.net, AI in German genealogy, and AI and German handwriting. During the break between the third and fourth sessions, I went to my hotel room to grab some Tylenol for a headache. I made the mistake of lying down and ended up falling asleep, missing the entire fourth session! Despite that, I found myself furiously jotting down notes throughout the day and imagining new paths to explore in my own research. Saturday night was a fun way to end the conference. IGGP awards were presented, and a ten-question, challenging trivia contest was held. I answered five questions correctly and felt good about it since the ones I missed were related to Ohio history. Street tacos and a veggie platter were available for food.

Sunday brought the conference to a close. The final sessions I attended were German Indentured Servants and Village Family Books (Ortsfamilienbücher) which were both informative and engaging. I left the conference with my mind in overdrive, thinking about all the new avenues I could pursue in my family history research. I decided to stay an extra night to unwind before driving home. On Sunday afternoon, MiGGS President Julia Hanneman-Schoenbach and I visited German Village in Columbus, Ohio. We got takeout from Schmidt’s Restaurant and ate outside, as the restaurant had a very busy wait time of one to one and a half hours. Of course, it was Father’s Day, so the crowds were no surprise. After eating, we browsed a couple of stores before heading back to the hotel to prepare for our Monday morning departure.

What I Learned

This conference provided much more than just information. It offered encouragement and inspiration. I walked away with new strategies for deciphering old German script, tips for navigating German archives in the areas I am researching. I also learned where to find German genealogical societies, how to uncover more about the history of German villages, the differences between German and English indentured servants, and where to locate Ortsfamilienbücher (village family books). I left the conference with a renewed sense of excitement about the detective work involved in family history. At this point in my research, I have exhausted most United States records and am ready to begin exploring resources available in Germany.

Advice for Future Attendees

If you are thinking about attending a future IGGP conference, here are a few tips. Bring a notebook or device for taking notes, as every session will offer something valuable. Don’t be shy about introducing yourself; everyone is there to connect and learn. Use the conference app, such as Whova, but don’t hesitate to ask for help if it is your first time using it. Make sure to stay hydrated and allow time to rest, because the days can be long and full of activity.

Final Thoughts

I’m so grateful to the organizers and volunteers who made this conference a success, even with the challenges that arose. It was a well-run, content-rich experience that delivered on its promise to support and inspire German genealogists of all levels.

Whether you’re a seasoned researcher or just beginning your German family history journey, the IGGP conference is an incredible opportunity to learn and grow. 

Have you attended an IGGP conference or are you researching your German ancestors? I’d love to hear your experience. Please, leave a comment below!

Here are a few more pictures from my trip.

My pool friend on Sunday afternoon.

Schmidt's Sausage Haus and Restaurant in German Village

Back side of Nationwide Convention Center Hotel, the grounds were immaculate.

The pub at the convention center.

Apple Strudel, yummo!

German Dinner to celebrate PalAm's Anniversary

Ed Redmer at the MiGGS table.

Accordian player in the Exhibit Hall

One of the vendors selling springerle molds. 

Germanology course students in attendence with Kathryn Schober. Photo courtesy of Kathryn Schober of Germanology Unlocked.

A German Widow’s Story in 1870s America

(Image created through ChatGPT from description given by author)

What was daily life like for a German immigrant widow raising eight children on a farm in rural Indiana during the 1870s? My second great-grandmother, Mary Wrightweasner Graf, found herself in that very situation. She became a widow in her mid-thirties after the death of her husband, Johann Caspar Graf, in 1869. At the time of his passing, their eight children ranged in age from one to sixteen. Caroline was 16, Philippina 14, Jacob 12, Philip 9, Henry 8, George 5, Valentine 4, and Elizabeth just 1 year old.

Mary Wrightweasner Graf was widowed at a time when women had few legal rights and even fewer resources, she relied on her faith, her children, and her own determination to keep her family and farm running. I decided to research what a day in her life might have looked like in Miami county, Indiana.

Before Sunrise (4:30–6:00 AM)
Mary’s day likely began in the dark, with the glow of an oil lamp or the crackle of a rekindled hearth fire. A morning prayer or Scripture reading may have grounded her before the chaos of the day began. She would haul water from the well, light the stove, and begin preparing breakfast. Cornmeal mush, leftover meat, or fried potatoes, enough to feed a household of nine, were common at the time.

Morning (6:00–10:00 AM)
With the sun rising, the farm came alive. Older children helped with chores: feeding livestock, milking cows, collecting eggs. Mary directed this hive of activity, often working alongside them while keeping an eye on the youngest.

On Mondays, the laundry took over. Clothes were scrubbed by hand with lye soap, wrung out, and hung on lines to dry. With eight children, laundry was never truly finished. The older girls would help with this chore.

Late Morning (10:00 AM–12:00 PM)
The morning continued with housework like sweeping floors, mending clothes, or preparing food for preservation. If her children attended school, Mary ensured they left properly dressed, with packed lunches of bread and jam or cheese.

Midday Meal (12:00–1:00 PM)
Dinner was the day’s main meal. A hearty stew, boiled potatoes, or fresh vegetables filled the table. After eating, Mary and her children scraped plates, saved scraps for animals, and washed the dishes by hand, of course.

Afternoon (1:00–5:00 PM)
Afternoons brought garden work and food preservation, depending on the season. Mary might render lard, can fruit, or stir homemade soap. She sewed clothing from flour sacks and mended garments too valuable to discard.

As a widow, she was also the farm’s business manager. She may have bartered eggs, butter, or produce, kept a ledger, and handled transactions that sustained her family.

Evening (5:00–8:00 PM)
Supper was lighter bread and milk, or maybe cold meat and soup. Afterward, the family gathered by candlelight. They sang hymns, read together, or the older children helped the younger ones with their lessons. Mary checked the barn one last time before nightfall.

Bathing was a shared ritual in a tin washtub, the water reused between siblings and only done a couple of times a week. Finally, with everyone in bed, Mary might have sat by the lamplightda rning socks, writing in a journal, or reading from her Bible.

Night (8:00 PM onward)
Sleep came late and lightly. Mary may have shared her bed with a small child or slept alone, always alert to a child’s cough or an unfamiliar noise outside. Indoor plumbing didn’t exist and chamber pots were a necessity.

Reflections on Resilience
Mary’s world was one of survival but also of strength, structure, and love. She raised her children without a vote, without a pension, and with few rights, yet she gave them something far more enduring: grit, values, and the ability to thrive against the odds.

Her story is not just history. It’s a legacy, passed down through generations. It's a reminder that behind every family tree is a woman who held it all together.  Mary never remarried and lived to the age of 63, having raised eight children who gave her many grandchildren.

The First Stop on a 66-Year Journey: Kingsley, Michigan

I'm picking up my dad’s story right after one of the happiest moments of his life: his wedding to my mom in 1952. This next chapter takes us into their first year of marriage, when they settled into a little house in Kingsley, Michigan, a rural town southeast of Traverse City. It was the first of many years my mother would spend as a coach's wife. This was the first year of what would be 66 years of love.

OUR FIRST MARRIED YEAR 1952-53

     Kingsley was a small town with a Class D school located 18 miles SE of Traverse City. We rented a small, one bedroom house in town.  We have many pleasant memories of our year there; among them sponsoring class parties at the roller rink in Traverse City.  Audrey was an accomplished skater and enjoyed these jaunts very much.  I had to spend most of the time making sure I didn't fall and bust my posterior, but nevertheless it was a lot of fun.  What wasn’t fun was coming home in the winter and finding the oil line to our stove had frozen and before we could get any heat in the house, we had to thaw the line.  The end of the month was shaky many times as we ended up eating soup, beans and whatever else we could come up with as we eagerly awaited payday.

     During the basketball season we usually would get together at our house or one of the teacher’s homes for a social hour following basketball games, usually consisting of beer and light refreshments.  One family we became close friends with was the Bosserdet family.  Bud was a 6^th grade teacher, a big, lovable, jolly, redhead who was a fan of athletics and his wife Betty and 4 kids (3 boys and a girl).  After we left Kingsley at the end of the year, we maintained contact with them for a couple of years and then lost contact.  Bud died at an early age we later found out and discovered Betty had moved to Florida.  After an e-mail or two we have not heard from her since.

        On the athletic front we had a successful year.  In Varsity basketball, we ended up 14-7 with a loss in the semi-finals of the district.  The JV team which I also coached ended up 12-6.  I don’t remember a lot about the baseball season which occurred in the fall, but we ended up somewhere around the .500 mark.  In the spring, I started the first track team Kingsley ever had.  We showed up well in the Central Michigan relays and were cheated out of a first place in the medley relay due to a timing gaffe.  I had one outstanding three sport star Jack Rodes who did very well in the half mile run qualifying for the State finals in that event. February of that year Audrey became pregnant and we both decided it was time to move on.  The Superintendent was a jerk and we just decided we didn’t want to spend the rest of our life in Kingsley.

     I started putting out letters and on a late Saturday, in May, following the school prom the night before; we set out for Deckerville, in the Thumb, for a job interview.  It was completely uncharted territory for both of us.  I checked out a Michigan map and found Deckerville was due east of Saginaw with a road that went across all the way.  Little did I realize it was mostly a gravel road, most of the way, and in spots was so narrow that you had to turn around and seek the nearest driveway so the oncoming traffic could pass. On top of that it was extremely hot coupled with Audrey’s pregnancy and the dust swirled up from the dirt road made it a memorable journey. We finally made it, however, and coming into the West End of Deckerville we were greeted with a less than encouraging view of a grain elevator, a couple of rundown buildings holding a grocery store, and farm machinery store.

     We proceeded to the school to meet with Ace Fleck, the Supt.  He was shocked we came across on what was the Deckerville Road.  Had we gone 6 miles further we could have come all the way across on M46, a two-lane paved highway.   After a brief interview in which he made it a point to say we were not to patronize either one of the two taverns in town as townspeople considered it improper for teachers.  Ace took us to the hospital to meet Doc Blanchard, the President of the school board, and to see Frank Merriman, a prominent farmer, who was treasurer of the Board.  Deckerville was like Kingsley with a slightly bigger school (Class C) and like Kingsley a rural farming area where most of the students were bussed in.  The job was like Kingsley.  I would be teaching Social Studies, Government, History, Civics, and Junior High health.  I would be Head Basketball, Head Track, and Asst. Football which would be my first such assignment.  We left Deckerville and were told they would decide at Monday night’s Board meeting and let me know one way or the other.

     That Monday night Frank Merriman called and offered me the job with a starting salary of $3600.  I told him I would accept and asked him for an extra $100 which would help with moving expenses.  He said that would be no problem and mailed me a $3700 contract. That summer Audrey and I, after saying goodbye to Kingsley, headed to Hazel Park to spend the summer with my mother.  Following an uneventful summer, we packed up our goods and headed for Deckerville in early August; little realizing we would spend 19 years of our married life there and another 9 years in Harbor Beach, 25 miles north of Deckerville.

Genealogy with a Twist: What Did My Ancestors Smell Like?

This image was created by AI software, DALL-E. The visual was designed to complement the content and enhance the reader's experience.

I’ve had fun connecting my family history with my college experience at Western Michigan University. In a past post, I explored how my Watt ancestors’ work in textile mills tied into the textile classes I took for my Home Economics major. This month, I’m tapping into my Health Education minor to tackle a different kind of topic: how my ancestors smelled. Yes, you read that right! This post dives nose-first into the world of historical hygiene, where I explore what my great great grandparents might have smelled like. Spoiler alert: it wasn’t all roses and lavender.

Historical Hygiene: What My Ancestors Probably Smelled Like"

A humorous yet research-based post about historical hygiene practices across different eras in your family.

When we think about our ancestors, we often picture them posed in sepia-toned photographs, dressed in their Sunday best, with solemn expressions and polished shoes. But let’s be honest what did they smell like?

It’s a question we don’t often ask in genealogy, but it opens a fascinating window into the daily lives of our forebears. Hygiene, like everything else, has a history. And chances are, your 19th-century ancestors weren't as fresh as we might like to imagine.

Bathing Once a Week—If That

In many American and European households before indoor plumbing, bathing was a labor-intensive affair. Water had to be hauled, heated over a fire or stove, and poured into a tub, often shared by the whole family. Saturday night was the traditional bath night, and even then, it might have been a quick rinse.

Daily bathing didn’t become common until the late 19th to early 20th century, and even then, it was more likely to be a sponge bath than a full immersion. Soap was used sparingly and was often homemade, harsh, and reserved for hands and faces.

Source: Bushman, Richard L. The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities. Knopf, 1992.

Toothbrushes, Toothpowder, and Mouth Odor

Toothbrushes weren’t widely available until the mid-1800s, and toothpaste as we know it didn’t exist. People used toothpowder made from charcoal, chalk, salt, or even brick dust. Mouthwash? Not a thing. Halitosis probably ran rampant.

George Washington famously suffered from dental issues and wore dentures made from a combination of ivory, animal bone, and human teeth—a reminder that oral hygiene was rudimentary at best.

Source: National Museum of Dentistry, University of Maryland, www.dentalmuseum.org

The Great Unwashed—Clothing and Laundry

Clothing wasn't washed often. Underclothes like chemises and drawers (if worn) were changed more frequently, but outer garments, wool suits, dresses, coats, might go months without a wash. Instead, they were brushed or aired out.

Laundry day was a weekly ordeal. In rural settings, this meant boiling water outside in a cauldron, scrubbing clothes by hand on a washboard, and line-drying them. The smell of lye soap and wet wool likely hung heavy in many homes.

Source: Strasser, Susan. Never Done: A History of American Housework. Pantheon Books, 1982.

Perfumes, Pomades, and Powder Rooms

To mask odors, both men and women relied on perfumes and scented oils. Pomade was used in hair to control it and add fragrance (or hide grease). In wealthier households, powder rooms weren’t just for makeup. They were meant to help freshen up without full-body washing.

In some places, people believed that water could carry disease into the body through pores. Dry bathing, wiping with cloths and powders, was sometimes preferred to soap and water.

Source: Classen, Constance, et al. The Deepest Sense: A Cultural History of Touch. University of Illinois Press, 2012.

The Nose Knows: Reimagining the Past

So what did your ancestors smell like? The answer might include:

• Smoke from wood stoves

• Sweat from manual labor

• Lye soap or pine tar

• Leather, wool, or unwashed cotton

• Farm animals or coal smoke

• Tooth decay or strong breath

• Rose water or lavender oil (if lucky)

Since most of my ancestors came from agrarian stock, it’s safe to say their daily scent was a blend of hard work and the land itself. The smell of the barn, hay, livestock, manure, and leather, likely clung to their clothes and skin no matter how clean they tried to be. Add to that the earthy aroma of freshly turned soil, sweat from field labor, and the lingering smoke from woodstoves or open fires, and you get a sensory picture of rural life that was anything but sterile. It wasn’t unpleasant to them, it was simply the smell of their daily lives.

Next time you visit an old homestead or archive, take a moment to breathe deeply. You might not smell the past, but you’ll certainly appreciate modern hygiene a bit more.

Sources

1. Bushman, Richard L. The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities. Knopf, 1992.

2. Strasser, Susan. Never Done: A History of American Housework. Pantheon Books, 1982.

3. Classen, Constance, et al. The Deepest Sense: A Cultural History of Touch. University of Illinois Press, 2012.

4. University of Maryland School of Dentistry, National Museum of Dentistry. www.dentalmuseum.org